Principles Of Combustion 2nd Ed.

Description:
Principles of Combustion, Second Edition is a revision of what was the leading book on combustion engineering. The new edition has been revised to include new theoretical results and measurement techniques of non-intrusive diagnostic methods, contains more material on chemical kinetics during ignition; and is expanded to provide more in-depth treatment of sensitivity analysis and methods for identifying controlling chemical mechanisms. Expanded coverage is combined with the latest results regarding turbulent activity during combustion and the chemical kinetics of flames.

Review:
'...thoroughly revised and expanded to address major advances in the field in recent years.' (Heat Processing, Vol.3, No.1, 2005)

Table of Contents:
Preface.Preface to the First Edition.Introduction.Importance of Combustion for Various Applications.Related Constituent Disciplines for Combustion Studies.General Method of Approach to Solving Combustion Problems.General Objectives of Combustion Modeling.Classification of Combustion Problems.General Structure of a Theoretical Model.Governing Equations for Combustion Modeling (Conservation & Transport Equations).Some Common Assumptions Made In Combustion Models.Several Basic Definitions1. Review of Chemical Thermodynamics.Nomenclatures.1. Brief Statement of Thermodynamic Laws.2. Equation of State.3. Conservation of Mass.4. The First Law of Thermodynamics; Conservation of Energy.5. The Second Law of Thermodynamics.5. 1 Equilibrium Thermodynamics.5. 2 Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics.6. Criteria for Equilibrium.7. Conservation of Atomic Species.8. Various Methods for Reactant-Fraction Specification.8.1 Mole and Mass Fractions.8.2 Fuel-Oxidant and Fuel-Air Ratios.8.3 Equivalence Ratio.8.4 Mixture Fraction.9. Standard Enthalpies of Formation.10. Thermochemical Laws.11. Relationship Between Bond Energies and Heats of Formation.12. Heats of Reaction for Constant-Pressure and Constant-Volume Combustion.12.1 Constant-Pressure Combustion.12.2 Constant-Volume Combustion.13. Energy Balance Considerations for Flame Temperature Calculations.14. Equilibrium Constants.15. Real-Gas Equations of State and Fugacity Calculation.16. More Complicated Dissociation in the Combustion of Hydrocarbons.17. The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation for Phase Equilibrium.18. Calculation of Equilibrium Compositions with NASA's CEA Computer Program.18.1 Assumptions and Capabilities.18.2 Equations Describing Chemical Equilibrium.18.2.1 Thermodynamic Equations.18.2.2 Minimization of Gibbs Free Energy.19. Other Well-Established Chemical Equilibrium Codes.References.Homework.Projects.2. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms.Additional Symbols.1. Rates of Reactions and Their Functional Dependence.1.1 Total Collision Frequency.1.2 Equation of Arrhenius.1.3 Apparent Activation Energy.1.4 Rates of Reaction.1.5 Methods for Measurement of Gas-Phase Reaction Rates.1.5.1 Static Methods.1.5.1.1 Flash Photolysis Resonance Fluorescence Technique.1.5.1.2 Relative Rate Constant Photolysis Technique.1.5.1.3 Laser Photolysis/Laser Induced Fluorescence Technique.1.5.2 Dynamic Methods for Reactions in Flow Systems.1.5.3 Several Methods for Measuring Rapid Reaction Rates.2. One-Step Chemical Reactions of Various Orders.2. 1 First-Order Reactions.2.2 Second-Order Reactions.2.3 Third-Order Reactions.3. Consecutive Reactions.4. Competitive Reactions.5. Opposing Reactions.5.1 First-Order Reaction Opposed by a First-Order Reaction.5.2 First-Order Reaction Opposed by a Second-Order Reaction.5.3 Second-Order Reaction Opposed by a Second-Order Reaction.6. Chain Reactions.6.1 Free Radicals.6.2 Lindemann's Theory for First-Order Reaction.6.3 Complex Reactions.6.3.1 Hydrogen-Bromine Reaction.7. Chain-Branching Explosions.8. CHEMKIN Analysis and Code Application for Gas-Phase Kinetics.8.1 Thermodynamic Properties.8.2 Reaction Rate Expressions.8.3 Brief Description of Procedures in Using CHEMKIN Code.9. Surface Reactions.9.1 Surface Adsorption Processes.9.1.1 The Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm.9.1.2 Adsorption with Dissociation.9.1.3 Competitive Adsorption.9.2 Surface Reaction Processes.9.2.1 Reaction Mechanism.9.2.2 Unimolecular Surface Reactions.9.2.3 Bimolecular Surface Reactions.9.2.4 Desorption.9.3 Kinetic Model of Hydrogen-Oxygen Reaction on Platinum Surface.9.3.1 Simple Kinetic Model of H2/O2 Reaction on Platinum Surface.9.3.2 Kinetic Rates of H2/O2 reaction on Platinum Surface.9.4 Experimental Methods to Study Surface Reactions.9.4.1 Spectroscopic Methods.9.4.1.1 Auger Electron Spectroscopy.9.4.2 Temperature Controlled Methods.9.4.3 Combination of Spectroscopic and Temperature-Controlled Methods.9.5 Surface Reaction Rate Determination.9.5.1 Application of LIF Technique in Surface Reaction Rate Determination.9.5.1.1 The Elementary Steps.9.5.1.2 Experimental Setup.9.5.1.3 Experimental Results.10. Rate Laws for Isothermal Reactions Utilizing Dimensionless Parameters.10.1 Equilibrium Constants.10.2 Net Rate of Production of Chemical Species.11. Procedure and Applications of Sensitivity Analysis.11.1 Introduction to Sensitivity Analysis.11.2 The Procedure for Local Sensitivity Analysis.11.2.1 Time-Dependent Zero-Dimensional Problems.11.2.2 The Procedure for Steady-State One-Dimensional Problems.11.2.3 The Procedure for Time-Dependent Spatial Problem.11.3 The Example of Sensitivity Analysis of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Combustion.11.3.1 Local Sensitivity Analysis in One-Dimensional Flame Fronts.11.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis for Zero-Dimensional Problems.12. Reaction Flow Analysis.13. Reaction Mechanisms of H2/O2 Systems.13.1 Background Information about H2/O2 Reaction Systems.13.2 Explosion Limits of H2/O2 Systems.14. Gas-Phase Reaction Mechanisms of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon and Oxygen System.14.1 Specific Mechanisms.14.1.1 Gas-Phase Kinetics of H2 Oxidation.14.1.2 O3 Decomposition Mechanism.14.1.3 CO Oxidation Mechanism.14.1.4 CH2O Reaction.14.1.5 CH4 Oxidation.14.1.6 C2H6 (Ethane) Oxidation.14.1.7 C2H4 (Ethylene) Oxidation.14.1.8 C2H2 (Acetylene) Oxidation.14.1.9 CH2CO (Ketene) Oxidation.14.1.10 CH3OH (Methanol) Reactions.14.1.11 C2H5OH (Ethanol) Reactions.14.1.12 CH3CHO (Acetaldehyde) Reaction.14.2 Discussion of More Complex Cases.15. Reduction of Highly Complex Chemical Kinetic Mechanism to Simpler Reaction Mechanism.15.1 Quasi-Steady State Assumption (QSSA) and Partial Equilibrium Assumption.15.2 Computational Singular Perturbation Methods for Stiff Equations.15.2.1 Stiff Equations.15.2.2 Chemical Kinetic Systems as Stiff Equations.15.2.3 Formulation of the Problem.15.2.4 Procedures for Solving the Chain Reaction Problem.15.3 Some Observations of the CSP Method.16. Formation Mechanism of Nitrogen Oxides.16.1 Thermal NO Mechanism (Zeldovich Mechanism).16.2 Prompt NO Mechanism (Fenimore Mechanism).16.3 NO Production from Fuel Bound Nitrogen.16.3.1 The Oxidation of HCN.16.3.2 The NO r HCN r N2 Mechanism.16.3.3 The Oxidation of NH3.16.4 NO2 Mechanism.16.5 N2O Mechanism.16.6 Overall Remarks on NOx Formation.17. Formation and Control of CO and Particulates.17.1 Carbon Monoxide.17.2 Particulate Matters.17.2.1 Major Types of Particulates.17.2.2 Harmful Effects.17.2.3 Particulate Matter Control Methods.References.Homework.3. Conservation Equations for Multicomponent Reacting Systems.Additional Symbols.1. Definitions of Concentrations, Velocities, and Mass Fluxes.2. Fick's Law of Diffusion.3. Theory of Ordinary Diffusion in Gases at Low Density.4. Continuity Equation and Species Mass Conservation Equations.5. Conservation of Momentum.5. 1Momentum Equation in Terms of Stress.5.1.1 Momentum Equation Derivation By Infinitesimal Particle Approach.5.1.2 Momentum Equation Derivation By Infinitesimal Control Volume Approach.5.1.3 Finite Control Volume.5.2 Stress-Strain-Rate Relationship (Constitutive Relationship).5.2.1 Strain Rate.5.2.2 Stress Tensor.5. 3 Navier-Stokes Equations.6. Conservation of Energy.7. Physical Derivation of the Multicomponent Diffusion Equation.8. Other Necessary Equations in Multicomponent Systems.9. Solution of a Multicomponent-Species System.10. Shvab-Zel'dovich Formulation.11. Dimensionless Ratios of Transport Coefficients.12. Boundary Conditions at an Interface.References.Homework.Projects.4. Detonation and Deflagration Waves of Premixed Gases.Additional Symbols.1. Qualitative Differences between Detonation and Deflagration.2. The Hugoniot Curve.3. Properties of the Hugoniot Curve.3.1Entropy Distribution along the Hugoniot Curve.3.2 Comparison of the Burned-Gas Velocity Behind a Detonation Wave with the Local Speed of Sound.4. Determination of Chapman-Jouguet Detonation-Wave Velocity.4.1 Trial-and-Error Method.4.2 The Newton-Raphson Iteration Method.4.3Comparison of Calculated Detonation-Wave Velocities with Experimental Data.5. Detonation-Wave Structure.5.1ZND One-Dimensional Wave Structure.5.2Multidimensional Detonation-Wave Structure.5.3Numerical Simulation of Detonations.6. The Mechanism of Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT) in Gaseous Mixtures.7. Detonability and Chemical Kinetics: Limits of Detonability.7.1 Classical Model of Belles.7.2 Detonability Limits of Confined Fuel Mixtures .7.2.1 Initial Condition Dependence.7.2.2 Boundary Condition Dependence.7.2.3 Single-Head Spin Detonation.7. 3 Detonability Criteria and Detonation Cell Size.7. 4 Chemical Kinetics of Detonation in H2-Air-Diluent Mixtures.8. Non-Ideal Detonations.8.1 Definition of Non-ideal Detonation and Zel'dovich and Shchelkin's Detonation Mechanisms in Rough Tubes.8.2 Theoretical Considerations of Energy and Momentum Losses.8.3 Critical Pipe Diameter Consideration.8.4 Effect of Several Physical and Chemical Parameters on detonability.8.5 Possible Measures for Reducing Potential of Detonation Wave Generation.9. Consideration of Spontaneous Detonation Initiation.9.1 Functional Form of Distribution of Ignition Delay.9.2 Experimental Verification of Processes of Non-Explosive Detonation Initiation.9.2.1 Photochemical Initiation of Detonation in Mixtu