Water&wastewater Infrastructure

Description: A critical aspect of sustainability associated with water and wastewater systems is to maintain and manage infrastructure in the most efficient and economical manner while complying with environmental regulations and keeping rates at acceptable levels. Given the high cost of fuel, our growing population, and the associated increase in energy needs, it is important to address energy use and future energy availability for the treatment of the water we drink and the water we pollute. Water & Wastewater Infrastructure: Energy Efficiency and Sustainability addresses these issues, detailing the processes that can assist facilities to become more energy efficient and providing guidance to ensure their sustainability. The text begins with brief descriptions of the water and wastewater treatment industries. It then describes some of the basics of energy and discusses what planning for a sustainable energy future in water and wastewater treatment plants entails. The author explores energy-saving options and provides case studies to demonstrate how some facilities have used equipment, technology, and operating strategies to save money and reduce their impact. The energy-efficient technologies include combined heat and power (CHP), gas turbines, microturbines, reciprocating engines, steam turbines, and fuel cells. The author also addresses biomass power and biogas. The section on sustainability and renewable energy covers hydropower, solar power, and wind power as well as energy conservation measures for treating wastewater. Nine appendices provide individual case studies that present evaluations of energy conservation measures, results, payback analysis, and conclusions. This book addresses the challenges faced by water and wastewater treatment facilities by examining how they can operate in ways that provide economic and environmental benefits, save money, reduce environmental impact, and lead to sustainability.

Contents: Section I The Basics Introduction Setting the Stage Sustainable Water/Wastewater Infrastructure Water/Wastewater Infrastructure Gap Energy Efficiency: Water/Wastewater Treatment Operations References and Recommended Reading Characteristics of the Wastewater and Drinking Water Industries Introduction Characteristics of the Wastewater Industry Characteristics of the Drinking Water Industry Capital Stock and Impact on Operations and Maintenance Wastewater Capital Stock Drinking Water Capital Stock Costs of Providing Service References and Recommended Reading Water, Wastewater, and Energy Introduction Energy Basics Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Units for Comparing Energy References and Recommended Reading Planning for a Sustainable Energy Future Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment Energy Usage Fast Facts Benchmark It! Baseline Audit References and Recommended Reading Section II Energy-Efficient Equipment, Technology, and Operating Strategies Energy-Efficient Equipment Introduction Motors Variable-Frequency Drives HVAC Enhancements Energy-Smart Lighting References and Recommended Reading Energy-Efficient Operating Strategies Introduction Electrical Load Management Biosolids Management Operations and Maintenance: Energy- and Cost-Saving Procedures Inflow and Infiltration Control References and Recommended Reading Section III Energy-Efficient Technology Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Introduction CHP Key Definitions Calculating Total CHP System Efficiency Calculating Effective Electric Efficiency Selecting CHP Efficiency Metrics Wastewater Treatment Facilities with CHP Overview of CHP Technologies References and Recommended Reading Gas Turbines Introduction Applications Gas Turbine Technology References and Recommended Reading Microturbines Introduction Microturbine Applications Microturbine Technology Design Characteristics Microturbine Performance Characteristics Emissions References and Recommended Reading Reciprocating Engines Introduction Applications Reciprocating Engine Technology Design Characteristics Performance Characteristics Emissions References and Recommended Reading Steam Turbines Introduction Applications Steam Turbine: Basic Process and Components Performance Characteristics Emissions References and Recommended Reading Fuel Cells Introduction Fuel Cells: The Basics Hydrogen Fuel Cells: A Realistic View CHP Applications References and Recommended Reading Section IV Biomass Power and Heat Generation CHP and Wastewater Biogas Grasshopper Generation Biomass Biomass for Power and Heat Generation Biogas (Methane, CH4) Wastewater Treatment Plant Biogas Cogeneration Using Landfill Biogas Biodiesel References and Recommended Reading Section V Sustainability Using Renewable Energy Macro- and Microhydropower Introduction Hydropower Hydropower Basic Concepts Reservoir Stored Energy Hydroturbines Advanced Hydropower Technology Hydropower Generation: Dissolved Oxygen Concerns Bottom Line on Macrohydropower Microhydropower Concepts Permits and Water Rights References and Recommended Reading Solar Power Introduction Concentrating Solar Power Photovoltaics (PV) Solar Power Applications Structure Daylighting Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Applications References and Recommended Reading Wind Power Introduction It's All About the Wind Air in Motion Wind Energy Wind Power Basics Wind Turbine Types Turbine Features Wind Energy and Power Calculations Small-Scale Wind Power Wind Power Applications in Water/Wastewater Treatment References and Recommended Reading Energy Conservation Measures for Wastewater Treatment Introduction Pumping System Energy Conservation Measures Design and Control of Aeration Systems Blowers References and Recommended Reading Section VI Appendices Appendix A. Magnetic Bearing Turbo Blowers at the Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District De Pere Wastewater Treatment Facility Appendix B. Turblex(R) Blowers and Air Flow Control Valves on the Sheboygan Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant Appendix C. Upgrade from Mechanical Aeration to Air-Bearing Turbo Blowers and Fine-Bubble Diffusers at the Big Gulch Wastewater Treatment Plant Appendix D. Optical DO Sensor Technology and Aerator Rotor VFD Control at the City of Bartlett, Tennessee, Wastewater Treatment Plant Appendix E. Advanced Aeration Control for the Oxnard, California, Wastewater Treatment Plant Appendix F. DO Optimization Using Floating Pressure Blower Control in a Most Open Valve Strategy at the Narragansett Bay Commission Bucklin Point WTTP, Rhode Island Appendix G. Capacity and Fuel Efficiency Improvements at Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission Western Branch WWTP, Prince Georges County, Maryland Appendix H. Permit-Safe and Energy-Smart Greening of Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations at the San Jose/Santa Clara, California, Water Pollution Control Plant Appendix I. Diffuser Upgrades and DO Controlled Blowers at the Waco, Texas, Metropolitan Area Regional Sewer System Wastewater Treatment Facility Glossary Index

Author Biography: Frank R. Spellman, Ph.D., is a retired U.S. Naval Officer with 26 years of active duty, a retired environmental safety and health manager for a large wastewater sanitation district in Virginia, and a retired assistant professor of environmental health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. He is the author or co-author of 75 books, with more soon to be published. Dr. Spellman consults on environmental matters with the U.S. Department of Justice and various law firms and environmental entities around the globe.