Nanofabrication Towards Biomedical Applications

Description:
This book focuses on the materials, synthetic methods, tools and techniques being developed in the nanoregime towards the life sciences ---- in particular biology, biotechnology and medicine. Readers from materials science, engineering, chemistry, biology and medical backgrounds will find detailed accounts of the design and synthesis of nanomaterials and the tools and techniques involved in their production for applications in biology, biotechnology and medicine.

Review:
'...a rich source of information for graduate students and researchers. The editors and authors shall be congratulated for a wonderful piece of work.' (Materials and Manufacturing Processes, September/October 2006) '...covers some of the most salient aspects of this technology as it relates to biological applications...' (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, June 2006) 'Overall, the editors and authors have done a good job, resulting in a book that can be read with interest by the broad scientific community. This book deserves a respected place on the desk of the student, the professor, and the engineer, who will all benefit equally from reading it.' (Angewandte Chemie I.E.) 'The book will definitely be of interest not only to readers with biological and medical backgrounds but also to material scientists, engineers, chemists, and physicists. The last two chapters are highly recommended for the general public and even politicians who are interested in looking at global changes arising from the implementation of nano- and biotechnology.' (Small) '...this is an excellent and useful reference book about biomedical nanotechnology.' (Advanced Materials)

Table of Contents:
Preface.List of Contributors.I Fabrication of Nanomaterials.1 Synthetic Approaches to Metallic Nanomaterials (Ryan Richards and Helmut Bonnemann).1.1 Introduction.1.2 Wet Chemical Preparations.1.3 Reducing Agents.1.4 Electrochemical Synthesis.1.5 Decomposition of Low-Valency Transition Metal Complexes.1.6 Particle Size Separations.1.7 Potential Applications in Materials Science.2 Synthetic Approaches for Carbon Nanotubes (Bingqing Wei, Robert Vajtai, and Pulickel M. Ajayan).2.1 Introduction.2.2 Family of Carbon Nanomaterials.2.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes.2.4 Controllable Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube Architectures.2.5 Perspective on Biomedical Applications.2.6 Conclusion.3 Nanostructured Systems from Low-Dimensional Building Blocks (Donghai Wang, Maria P. Gil, Guang Lu, and Yunfeng Lu).3.1 Introduction.3.2 Nanostructured System by Self-Assembly.3.3 Biomimetic and Biomolecular Recognition Assembly.3.4 Template-Assisted Integration and Assembly.3.5 External-Field-Induced Assembly.3.6 Direct Synthesis of 2D/3D Nanostructure.3.7 Applications.3.8 Concluding Remarks.4 Nanostructured Collagen Mimics in Tissue Engineering (Sergey E. Paramonov and Jeffrey D. Hartgerink).4.1 Introduction.4.2 Collagen Structural Hierarchy.4.3 Amino Acid Sequence and Secondary Structure.4.4 Experimental Observation of the Collagen Triple Helix.4.5 Folding Kinetics.4.6 Stabilization Through Sequence Selection.4.7 Stabilization via Hydroxyproline: The Pyrrolidine Ring Pucker.4.8 Triple Helix Stabilization Through Forced Aggregation.4.9 Extracellular Matrix and Collagen Mimics in Tissue Engineering.4.10 Sticky Ends and Supramolecular Polymerization.4.11 Conclusion.5 Molecular Biomimetics: Building Materials Natures Way, One Molecule at a Time (Candan Tamerler and Mehmet Sarikaya).5.1 Introduction.5.2 Inorganic Binding Peptides via Combinatorial Biology.5.3 Physical Specificity and Molecular Modeling.5.4 Applications of Engineered Polypeptides as Molecular Erectors.5.5 Future Prospects and Potential Applications in Nanotechnology.II Characterization Tools for Nanomaterials and Nanosystems.6 Electron Microscopy Techniques for Characterization of Nanomaterials (Jian-Min (Jim) Zuo).6.1 Introduction.6.2 Electron Diffraction and Geometry.6.3 Theory of Electron Diffraction.6.4 High-Resolution Electron Microscopy.6.5 Experimental Analysis.6.6 Applications.6.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives.7 X-Ray Methods for the Characterization of Nanoparticles (Hartwig Modrow).7.1 Introduction.7.2 X-Ray Diffraction: Getting to Know the Arrangement of Atoms.7.3 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering: Learning About Particle Shape and Morphology.7.4 X-Ray Absorption: Exploring Chemical Composition and Local Structure.7.5 Applications.7.6 Summary and Conclusions.A.1 General Approach.A.2 X-Ray Diffraction.A.3 Small-Angle Scattering.A.4 X-Ray Absorption.8 Single-Molecule Detection and Manipulation in Nanotechnology and Biology (Christopher L. Kuyper, Gavin D. M. Jeffries, Robert M. Lorenz, and Daniel T. Chiu).8.1 Introduction.8.2 Optical Detection of Single Molecules.8.3 Single-Molecule Manipulations Using Optical Traps.8.4 Applications in Single-Molecule Spectroscopy.8.5 Single-Molecule Detection with Bright Fluorescent Species.8.6 Nanoscale Chemistry with Vesicles and Microdroplets.8.7 Perspectives.9 Nanotechnologies for Cellular and Molecular Imaging by MRI (Patrick M. Winter, Shelton D. Caruthers, Samuel A. Wickline, and Gregory M. Lanza).9.1 Introduction.9.2 Cardiovascular Disease.9.3 Cellular and Molecular Imaging.9.4 Cellular Imaging with Iron Oxides.9.5 Molecular Imaging with Paramagnetic Nanoparticles.9.6 Conclusions.III Application of Nanotechnology in Biomedical Research.10 Nanotechnology in Nonviral Gene Delivery (Latha M. Santhakumaran, Alex Chen, C. K. S. Pillai, Thresia Thomas, Huixin He, and T. J. Thomas).10.1 Introduction.10.2 Agents That Provoke DNA Nanoparticle Formation.10.3 Characterization of DNA Nanoparticles.10.4 Mechanistic Considerations in DNA Nanoparticle Formation.10.5 Systemic Gene Therapy Applications.10.6 Future Directions.11 Nanoparticles for Cancer Drug Delivery (Carola Leuschner and Challa Kumar).11.1 Introduction.11.2 Cancer: A Fatal Disease and Current Approaches to Its Cure.11.3 Characteristics of Tumor Tissues.11.4 Drug Delivery to Tumors.11.5 Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy.11.6 Site-Specific Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Agents Using Nanoparticles.11.7 Nonviral Gene Therapy with Nanoparticles.11.8 Hyperthermia.11.9 Controlled Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Drugs Using Nanoparticles.11.10 Nanoparticles to Circumvent MDR.11.11 Potential Problems in Using Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment.11.12 Future Outlook.12 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Metal Nanoshells (Christopher Loo, Alex Lin, Leon Hirsch, Min-Ho Lee, Jennifer Barton, Naomi Halas, Jennifer West, and Rebekah Drezek).12.1 Introduction.12.2 Methodology.12.3 Results and Discussion.12.4 Conclusions.13 Decorporation of Biohazards Utilizing Nanoscale Magnetic Carrier Systems (Axel J. Rosengart and Michael D. Kaminski).13.1 introduction.13.2 Technological Need.13.3 Technical Basis.13.4 Technology Specifications.14 Nanotechnology in Biological Agent Decontamination (Peter K. Stoimenov and Kenneth J. Klabunde).14.1 Introduction.14.2 Standard Methods for Chemical Decontamination of Biological Agents.14.3 Nanomaterials for Decontamination.14.4 Magnesium Oxide.14.5 Mechanism of Action.14.6 Titanium Dioxide.14.7 Summary.IV Impact of Biomedical Nanotechnology on Industry, Society, and Education.15 Too Small to See: Educating the Next Generation in Nanoscale Science and Engineering (Anna M. Waldron, Keith Sheppard, Douglas Spencer, and Carl A. Batt).15.1 Introduction.15.2 Nanotechnology as a Motivator for Engaging Students.15.3 The Nanometer Scale.15.4 Understanding Things Too Small to See.15.5 Creating Hands-On Science Learning Activities to Engage the Mind.15.6 Things That Scare Us.15.7 The Road Ahead.16 Nanobiomedical Technology: Financial, Legal, Clinical, Political, Ethical, and Societal Challenges to Implementation (Steven A. Edwards).16.1 Introduction.16.2 Drexler and the Dreaded Universal Assembler.16.3 Financial.16.4 Legal and Regulatory.16.5 Operational.16.6 Clinical.16.7 Political, Ethical And Social Challenges.16.8 Summary.Abbreviations.Index.

Author Biography:
Challa Kumar is currently the Group Leader of Nanofabrication at the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD), Baton Rouge, USA. His research interests are in developing novel synthetic methods for functional nanomaterials and innovative therapeutic, diagnostic and sensor tools based on nanotechnology. He has eight years of industrial R&D experience working for ICI plc and UB Ltd prior to joining CAMD in 2001. He has worked at the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in Munich, Germany, as a post doctoral fellow and at the Max Planck Institute for Kohlenforschung, Muheim, Germany, as an invited scientist. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in synthetic organic chemistry from Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prashanti Nilayam, India. Josef Hormes is currently the Director of the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD) and Professor of Physics at Louisiana State University. Prior to joining CAMD in 1999, he was Director of the Synchrotron Radiation Facility at Bonn University, Germany, for over 15 years. He was also a visiting professor at the Imperial College, London, UK, and the Institute of Physics in Stockholm, Sweden. He has been actively involved in 'nano' research especially in the application of X-ray absorption spectroscopic tools for characterization of nanomaterials. He has more than 180 peer-reviewed publications, and obtained his doctoral degree and habilitation in Physics from Bonn University, Germany. Carola Leuschner is currently Assistant Professor in the Department of Reproductive Biotechnology at Pennington Biomedical Research Center (PBRC), Baton Rouge, USA. Her research interests are in the field of drug development for cancer with emphasis on breast, prostate and ovarian cancer, eradication of metastases and multi-drug resistant cancers in vitro and in vivo. Prior to joining PBRC, she was an Instructor in the Department of Diet and Heart Disease, Louisiana State Univer