Handbook Of Microbial Biofertilizers

Description:
The 'Handbook of Microbial Biofertilizers' is a unique and much demanded reference guide that provides in-depth coverage of all microbial biofertilizers (Rhizobia, Arbuscular Mychorrizal fungi and Cyanobacteria), as well as new and emerging growth promoters (endophytes). The book examines the role of microbes in growth promotion, bioprotectors, and bioremediators and presents protocols and practical strategies for using microbes in sustainable agriculture. The volume includes detailed charts, tables and figures to illustrate the text and to provide information that is readily available, accessible and understandable.

Table of Contents:
About the Editor Contributors Foreword (Ian Robert Hall) Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Potential and Possible Uses of Bacterial and Fungal Biofertilizers (Francesco Gentili and Ari Jumpponen) Introduction N2-Fixing Bacteria As Microbial Biofertilizers Symbiotic N2-Fixing Bacteria Cyanobacteria N2-Fixing Associated Bacteria Free-Living N2-Fixing Bacteria Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Phosphorus-Solubilizing Bacteria Plant Hormone Production by Bacteria Fungi and Their Potential As Biofertilizers Use of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi As Biofertilizers Use of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi As Biofertilizers Other Root-Colonizing Fungi Multiple Inoculations and Interactions Among Potential Biofertilizers Future Perspectives and Conclusions Chapter 2. Evaluation of the Functional Group of Microorganisms As Bioindicators on the Rhizosphere Miscrocosm (Ulisses Brigatto Albino and Galdino Andrade) Introduction The Functional Groups Methods to Assess the Soil Functional Microorganism Groups Protocols Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 3. Tripartite Relationship of Rhizobium, AMF, and Host in Growth Promotion (Nanjian Raman and Thangaswamy Selvaraj) Introduction Rhizobium and AMF Interactions Rhizobium, AMF, and Biochemical Activities Enzyme Activities Growth Hormones Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements Heavy Metals Plant Uptake of Metals Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Coexistence of Rhizobium and AM Symbioses Conclusions and Future Perspectives Chapter 4. Biological Fertilizers for Sustainable Rice Production (S. Kannaiyan and K. Kumar) Introduction Azolla Biofertilizer for Rice Crop Nitrogen-Fixing Blue Green Algae Acid-Tolerant Cyanobacteria N2-Fixng Stem-Nodulating Sesbania Biofertilizer for Rice Sesbania As Biofertilizer for Rice Neem Cake and N Use Efficiency Urea Super Granules and N Use Efficiency Soil Enzyme Activity Induction of Nodule-Like Structures in Rice Roots for N2 Fixation Azospirillum Biofertilizer for Rice Phosphobacterial Biofertilizer Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 5. Mycorrhizal Helper Bacteria: Their Ecological Impact in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (Robin Duponnois) Introduction The Mycorrhizosphere Effect Evidence Biological Properties Mechanisms Involved in the MHB Effect Application Conclusions and Perspectives Chapter 6. Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria As Biofertilizers and Biopesticides (Manas Ranjan Banerjee, Laila Yesmin, and Joseph Kevin Vessey) Introduction Biofertilizers Endophytic and Rhizospheric Relationships Between PGPR and Their Hosts Mode of Action of PGPR As Biofertilizers Biopesticides Mode of Action of PGPR As Biopesticides Viability and Shelf Life of PGPR Benefits of PGPR Limitations of PGPR Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 7. Sustainable Agriculture and the Rhizobia/Legumes Symbiosis (Jo o Ruy Jardim Freire and Enilson Luiz Saccol de S ) Introduction Diversity of Rhizobia The Selection of Rhizobia Strains Desirable Characteristics Production and Quality of the Inoculants Techniques of Inoculation Soil Limiting Factors Some Management Practices Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 8. Wild-Legume Rhizobia: Biodiversity and Potential As Biofertilizer (Hamdi Hussein Zahran) Introduction Taxonomy and Biodiversity of Wild-Legume Rhizobia Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Systems Established with Wild Rhizobia Behavior of Wild-Legume Rhizobia Under Extreme Conditions Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 9. Potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Organic Farming Systems (Tanu, Anil Prakash, and Alok Adholeya) Introduction Mycorrhizae in Organic Farming Factors Affecting Mycorrhizal Inoculum Potential Selection of AM Fungi Integration of AM Fungi and Composts for Disease Control Organic Manure and AMF Inoculum Production Application of AM Fungi Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 10. Role of Mycorrhizae in Forestry (Hanna Dahm) Introduction Ecological Significance of Mycorrhizae Types of Mycorrhizae on Forest Trees Occurrence of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soils of Native Forests Soil Type and Humus Properties Ecological Specificity Competition Among Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Forest Soil Favorable Effects of Mycorrhizae on Plant Growth Factors Affecting Ectomycorrhizal Reduction Receptiveness of Forest Soils to Ectomycorrhizal Association Practical Aspects of Mycorrhizae: Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 11. Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Osmotic Stress Alleviation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants (Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano) Introduction Uptake and Transfer of Water Through the Fungal Hyphae to the Host Plant Amelioration of Plant Gas Exchange Changes in the Water Retention Properties of the Soil Stimulation of Assimilative Activities Essential for Plant Growth Osmotic Adjustment Protection Against the Oxidative Damage Generated by Drought Future Perspectives and Conclusions Chapter 12. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation in Nursery Practice (Miguel Marin) Introduction Types of Mycorrhizae Mycorrhizae Effects on Plant Physiology Interaction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Soil Microbiota Mycorrhizae As Substitute for Fertilizers Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Horticultural Systems Endomycorrhizal Technology in Different Propagation Systems Management of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Nursery Plant Production Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 13. Interaction Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Root Pathogens (Leonor Costa Maia, Norma Suely Sobral da Silveira, and Uided Maaze Tiburcio Cavalcante) Introduction Root Colonization Changes Produced by Mycorrhization Interaction: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Pathogenic Fungi Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi × Bacteria Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi × Nematodes Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 14. Production of Seedlings Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Performance After Outplanting (Orivaldo Jos Saggin-J nior, and Elaine Maria Ribeiro da Silva) Introduction Prerequisites for the Inoculation of Seedlings with AMF Production of Inoculants for Seedlings Production of Seedlings Inoculated with AMF Future Perspectives of Mycorrhizal Seedling Production Conclusions Chapter 15. Status of Endomycorrhizal (AMF) Biofertilizer in the Global Market (Polachi Raja) Introduction World Fertilizer Consumption Alternative Farming Systems Sustainable Agriculture Systems Effective Microorganisms Evolution of AMF Techniques of AMF Inoculum Propagation AMF Benefits of Symbiosis Impact of AMF in Agriculture Availability and Cost of Mycorrhizal Inoculum Producers and Formulators of AMF Inoculum Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 16. Role of Cyanobacteria As Biofertilizers: Potentials and Limitations (Pilar Irisarri) Introduction Current Status of Cyanobacterial Use As Biofertilizers Availability of Fixed Nitrogen to Rice Plants Cultivation of Cyanobacteria for Biofertilizer Inoculation and Crop Yield Reasons for the Failure of Inoculation Benefits of Cyanobacteria Beyond Nitrogen Input to the Agroecosystem Is Inoculation with Cyanobacteria Worthwhile? Integrated Soil Fertility Management Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 17. Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers for Rice: Present Status and Future Prospects (Siba Prasad Adhikary and Bagmi Pattanaik) Introduction Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) Factors Governing Distribution of Cyanobacteria During the Crop Growth Cycle Seasonal Variation of Cyanobacterial Growth in Paddy Fields Phosphorus Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer for Increased Crop Yield and Maintenance of Soil Quality Algalization Technology Future Perspectives Conclusions Chapter 18. A Comparative Study on Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria in South American and European Rice-Fields (Carlos Hugo Porsperi) Introduction Measuring Nitrogen Fixation in the Field Determination of Nitrogenase Activity in Vivo Samples Collection and Identification The Diversity of Cyanobacteria Future Perspectives Appendix: Identification Key for Most Common Cyanobacteria in Rice Fields of Argentina and Spain Chapter 19. Piriformospora indica As a New and Emerging Mycofertilizer and Biotizer: Potentials and Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture (Sarika Shende, Kanchan Bhagwat, Prasad Wadegaonkar, Mahendra Rai, and Ajit Varma) Introduction The Morphology and Cultural Characteristics Mycelial Penetration in Host Ultrastructure of Hyphal Wall Molecular Systemetics Root Colonization Potential in Diverse Hosts In Vitro Rapid Proliferation of Roots of Withania somnifera Rhizoctonia-Like Growth Promotion of Orchids Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites Mechanisms Involved During Colonization Mycorrhiza-Like Endophytes Protoplast Fusion for Better Understanding of Interaction Strategies for Mass Production of Inocula Immobilization of Spores and Hyphae: A Step Forward for Inoculum Production Application in Horticulture Potential for Control of Phytopathogenic Rootborne Microbes Conclusions and Future Directions Chapter 20. Matsutake: A Natural Biofertilizer? (Wang Yun and Ian Robert Hall) Introduction Matsutake in the Commercial World Taxonomic History of Matsutake Ecology Morphology of Matsutake Infections Cultivation of Tricholoma matsutake Relationsh