Urban Transit Systems And Technology

Description:
This is the only current and in print book covering the full field of transit systems and technology. Beginning with a history of transit and its role in urban development, the book proceeds to define relevant terms and concepts, and then present detailed coverage of all urban transit modes and the most efficient system designs for each. Including coverage of such integral subjects as travel time, vehicle propulsion, system integration, fully supported with equations and analytical methods, this book is the primary resource for students of transit as well as those professionals who design and operate these key pieces of urban infrastructure.

Review:
'This book is filled with essential instructional information for not only understanding history and current technology, but all of the intricate details involved with any transit project.' (ENR.com; 10/31/07)

Table of Contents:
Preface. Acknowledgments. 1 HISTORY AND ROLE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT. 1.1 Early Development of Cities. 1.1.1 Transportation and Locations of Cities. 1.1.2 Transportation and City Size. 1.1.3 Form and Structure of Cities. 1.1.4 The Industrial Revolution, Urbanization, and the Growth of Cities. 1.2 Beginnings of Public Transportation. 1.2.1 Public Transportation before the Nineteenth Century. 1.2.2 Horse-Drawn Omnibuses. 1.2.3 Horse-Drawn Tramways. 1.2.4 Mechanized Street Transit Technologies before 1880. 1.3 Invention of Electric Streetcars /Tramways. 1.3.1 Beginnings of Electric Streetcars in the United States. 1.3.2 Introduction of Electric Tramways in Europe. 1.4 Street Transit Development since 1900. 1.4.1 Streetcars /Tramways. 1.4.2 Motorbuses. 1.4.3 Trolleybuses. 1.5 Development of High-Speed Rail Transit Modes. 1.5.1 Suburban Railways/Regional Rail. 1.5.2 Electric Interurban Railways. 1.5.3 Rapid Transit /Metro. 1.6 Overview and Conclusions: Transit Development and Cities. 2 URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT MODES. 2.1 Transport System Definitions and Classification. 2.1.1 Classification by Type of Usage. 2.1.2 Transit Modes. 2.1.3 Transit System Components. 2.1.4 Transit System Operations, Service, and Characteristics. 2.2 Theory of Urban Passenger Transport Modes. 2.2.1 Evolution of a Transportation System in a Model Urban Area. 2.2.2 Review of Modal Features. 2.3 The Family of Transit Modes: Categories and Descriptions. 2.3.1 Paratransit. 2.3.2 Street Transit Modes. 2.3.3 Medium-Capacity Modes: Semirapid Transit. 2.3.4 High-Performance Modes: Rapid Transit. 2.3.5 Specialized Transit Modes. 2.3.6 Review of the Family of Regular Transit Modes. 2.3.7 Commuter Transit. 2.4 Trends in Transit Ridership and in Use of Different Modes. 2.4.1 Urban Travel and Transit Ridership. 2.4.2 Increasing Diversity of Transit Modes. 3 VEHICLE MOTION AND PERFORMANCE. 3.1 Vehicle Motion. 3.2 Resistance to Motion. 3.2.1 Vehicle Resistance. 3.2.2 Alignment Resistance. 3.3 Internal Combustion Engine Propulsion. 3.3.1 Characteristic Diagram for ICEs. 3.3.2 Speed-Tractive Effort Diagram: TE f(V). 3.3.3 Vehicle Motion Force as a Function of Speed. 3.4 Electric Propulsion. 3.4.1 Wayside Electric Power Supply and Its Distribution to Lines. 3.4.2 Propulsion Motors and Their Control. 3.4.3 Electronic Motor Control. 3.4.4 AC Propulsion Motors and Their Electronic Control. 3.4.5 Comparison of Motor Control Types. 3.4.6 Other Propulsion Systems. 3.4.7 Vehicle Acceleration Force. 3.4.8 Comparison of Electric and Diesel Propulsions. 3.5 Vehicle Acceleration, Braking, and Stopping Distances. 3.5.1 Adhesion for Wheel Traction. 3.5.2 Acceleration and Braking Forces and Distances. 3.6 Station-to-Station Travel Analysis. 3.6.1 Basic Variables of Vehicle Motion. 3.6.2 Regimes of Motion. 3.6.3 Travel Time Equations and Diagrams. 3.6.4 Sensitivity of Travel Time and Speed to Individual Parameters. 3.7 Energy Consumption and Efficiency. 3.7.1 Structure of Energy Consumption Analysis. 3.7.2 Influence of Operating Regimes. 3.7.3 Potential Energy Savings through Preprogrammed Driving. 3.7.4 Influence of Stop/Station Spacing. 3.7.5 Measures of Energy Consumption. 4 TRANSIT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE: CAPACITY, PRODUCTIVITY, EFFICIENCY, AND UTILIZATION. 4.1 Definitions of Quantitative Performance Attributes. 4.1.1 Basic Attributes. 4.1.2 Transportation Work and Productivity. 4.1.3 Transit System Efficiency and Productivity. 4.1.4 Consumption and Utilization. 4.2 Transit Line Capacity. 4.2.1 Definitions. 4.2.2 Vehicle Capacity. 4.3 Way Capacity. 4.3.1 Basic Elements. 4.3.2 Vehicle Control Categories in Transit Operation. 4.3.3 Operating Safety Regimes. 4.3.4 Impacts of Train Size and Control Characteristics. 4.3.5 Application of Equations to Different Modes. 4.4 Station Capacity. 4.4.1 Significance and Definitions. 4.4.2 Components and Influencing Factors. 4.4.3 Capacity Diagrams and Equations. 4.4.4 Measures to Increase Station Capacity. 4.5 Theoretical and Practical Capacities of Major Transit Modes. 4.5.1 Important Considerations in Capacity Computations. 4.5.2 Review of Theoretical Capacities. 4.5.3 Actual Capacities of Major Transit Modes. 4.6 Other Quantitative Performance Measures. 4.6.1 Transportation Quantity or Volume. 4.6.2 System and Network Performance. 4.6.3 Transportation Work and Productivity. 4.6.4 Transit System Efficiency (Productivity) Indicators. 4.6.5 Consumption Rates and Utilization Indicators. 5 HIGHWAY TRANSIT: BUS, TROLLEYBUS, AND BUS RAPID TRANSIT. 5.1 Family of Highway Transit Modes. 5.1.1 Definitions. 5.1.2 General Characteristics. 5.1.3 Bus Transit System and Bus Rapid Transit Concepts. 5.2 The Vehicles. 5.2.1 Classification by Propulsion Systems. 5.2.2 Classification by Body Type. 5.2.3 Propulsion, Equipment, and Performance. 5.2.4 Body Structure and Form. 5.2.5 Review of Bus Models, Characteristics, and Design Trends. 5.3 Travel Ways. 5.3.1 Geometric Elements. 5.3.2 Operation in Mixed Traffic. 5.3.3 Bus Preferential Treatments. 5.3.4 Bus Lanes on Streets. 5.3.5 Bus Operations on Freeways. 5.3.6 Busways. 5.4 Bus Rapid Transit. 5.4.1 Definitions of Bus Transit Modes. 5.4.2 Evolution of BRT as a Mode. 5.4.3 Vehicles. 5.4.4 Infrastructure: Lines and Stations. 5.4.5 Operations and ITS Applications. 5.4.6 Review and Evaluation of BTS and BRT. 5.5 Stops, Stations, and Maintenance Facilities. 5.5.1 Bus Stops on Streets. 5.5.2 Stations and Terminals. 5.5.3 Garages, Storage Facilities, and Maintenance Shops. 5.6 Operations, Performance, and Costs. 5.6.1 Operations and Types of Service. 5.6.2 Performance Characteristics. 5.6.3 Service Quality and System Impacts. 5.6.4 Costs. 5.6.5 Trolleybuses: Characteristics and Applications. 5.7 Present and Future Roles of Highway Transit Modes. 6 RAIL TRANSIT: STREETCARS/TRAMWAYS, LIGHT RAIL, RAPID TRANSIT, AND REGIONAL RAIL. 6.1 Family of Rail Transit Modes. 6.1.1 General Characteristics. 6.1.2 Definitions and Characteristics of Individual Rail Modes. 6.2 Rolling Stock. 6.2.1 Rail Vehicle Types and Basic Components. 6.2.2 Trucks and Mechanical/ Electrical Equipment. 6.2.3 Vehicle Body. 6.2.4 Review of Characteristics of Different Vehicle Models. 6.2.5 Basic Operating Units and Train Consists. 6.3 Rail Transit Ways: Geometry and Facilities. 6.3.1 Geometric Elements. 6.3.2 Track Superstructure. 6.3.3 Rights-of-Way. 6.4 Rubber-Tired Rapid Transit (RTRT). 6.4.1 Description of the Technology. 6.4.2 Characteristics and Comparison with Rail Technology. 6.4.3 Potential Applications of Rubber-Tired Rapid Transit. 6.5 Stops, Stations, and Yards. 6.5.1 At-Grade Stops. 6.5.2 At-Grade Transfer Stations. 6.5.3 Controlled-Access Stations. 6.5.4 Auto-Transit Interface Stations. 6.5.5 Rail Transit Yards and Shops. 6.6 Operations, Performance, and Costs. 6.6.1 Vehicle /Train Travel Control and Automation. 6.6.2 Performance Characteristics of Rail Modes. 6.6.3 Rail Transit Costs. 6.7 Present and Future Role of Rail Transit. 6.7.1 Trends and Impacts of Urban Population and Growth of Auto Ownership. 6.7.2 Goals and Objectives in Building Rail Transit Systems. 6.7.3 What Size City for Rapid Transit? 6.7.4 Development of Rail Transit in the United States. 6.7.5 Present and Future Role of Rail Transit around the World. 7 UNCONVENTIONAL CONCEPTS AND SYSTEMS: AUTOMATED GUIDED TRANSIT AND MONORAILS. 7.1 Evaluation of Conventional Systems and Potential for Innovations. 7.2 Analysis of Systems Components. 7.2.1 Vehicle Support, Guidance, and Switches. 7.2.2 Vehicle /TU Capacity. 7.2.3 Dual-Mode Operations. 7.2.4 Fully Automatic Operation. 7.3 Unconventional Modes and Systems. 7.3.1 Automated Guided Transit and Automated People Movers. 7.3.2 Monorails. 7.3.3 Personal Rapid Transit (PRT). 7.4 Evaluation of Unconventional Modes and New Concepts. 8 SPECIALIZED TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS. 8.1 Short-Haul and Shuttle Transit Systems. 8.1.1 Pedestrians and Pedestrian-Assisting Systems. 8.1.2 Short-Haul Transit Modes. 8.1.3 Significance of Short-Haul Transportation. 8.1.4 Point-to-Point Shuttles and Lines. 8.2 Terrain-Specialized Technologies. 8.2.1 Rail Systems with Auxiliary Traction. 8.2.2 Aerial Tramways. 8.3 Waterborne Transit Systems. 8.3.1 Types of Vessels. 8.3.2 Ferryboat Services. 9 PARATRANSIT. 9.1 Definition and Classification. 9.2 Modified Uses of Private Transportation. 9.2.1 Car Rentals. 9.2.2 Carpools. 9.3 Semipublic Paratransit. 9.3.1 Vanpools. 9.3.2 Subscription Buses. 9.3.3 Car Sharing. 9.4 Public (Regular) Paratransit. 9.4.1 Taxis. 9.4.2 Jitneys. 9.4.3 Dial-a-Ride and Other Hybrid-Type Services. 9.5 Evaluation of Paratransit and Its Roles. 9.5.1 Characteristics of Paratransit. 9.5.2 Potential Improvements. 9.5.3 Present and Potential Roles of Paratransit. 10 CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARISONS OF TRANSIT MODES. 10.1 Basic Elements of Transit Modes. 10.1.1 Significance of Right-of-Way Categories. 10.1.2 Transit Systems Technology. 10.1.3 Interdependence of ROW and System Technology. 10.1.4 Review of Technological and Operational Features. 10.2 Medium-Performance Transit Modes. 10.2.1 Bus Rapid Transit. 10.2.2 Trolleybus Sys