Ecology And Conservation Of Fishes

Description: Written as a stand-alone textbook for students and a useful reference for professionals in government and private agencies, academic institutions, and consultants, Ecology and Conservation of Fishes provides broad, comprehensive, and systematic coverage of all aquatic systems from the mountains to the oceans. The book begins with overview discussions on the ecology, evolution, and diversity of fishes. It moves on to address freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems and identifies factors that affect the distribution and abundance of fishes. It then examines the adaptations of fishes as a response to constraints posed in ecosystems. The book concludes with four chapters on applied ecology to discuss the critical issues of management, conservation, biodiversity crises, and climate change. Major marine fisheries have collapsed, and there are worldwide declines in freshwater fish populations. Fishery scientists and managers must become more effective at understanding and dealing with resource issues. If not, fish species, communities, and entire ecosystems will continue to decline as habitats change and species are lost. Ecology and Conservation of Fishes has taken a historical and functional approach to explain how we got where we are, providing old and new with a better foundation as ecologists and conservationists, and most importantly, it awakens senses of purpose and need. Past management practices are reviewed, present programs considered, and the need for incorporating principles of applied ecology in future practices is emphasized.


Contents: Use and Features of the Book List of Greek and Latin Words Introduction Ecology of Fishes: Content and Scope History of Ecology Fish Ecology Explored. What Is a Fish? Fish: The First Vertebrate Evolutionary Ecology of Fishes Aquatic Evolution, Origins, and Affinities Aquatic Evolution Evolutionary Ecology Origins and Affinities of Fishes Paleoecology of Fishes Aquatic Environment Aquatic Ecosystems. Properties of Water Seawater Fish in Water: Where is the Gravity? Fish Diversity Diversity 1: Chordates to Sharks Introduction. From Chordate to Vertebrate Agnathans: Hagfishes and Lampreys Conodonts and Ostracoderms Early Gnathostomes. Chondrichthyes. Diversity 2: Teleostomes to Bony Fishes Radiation of Teleostomes Acanthodians: Spiny Ones Sarcopterygians: Lobe-Fin Fishes Actinopterygians: Ray-Fins Diversity 3: Teleosts Diversity and adaptation Lower Teleosts Cods and Anglerfishes Higher Teleosts. Radiations, Extinctions, and Biodiversity Life on Earth Has Not Been Easy Fish Extinctions and a Few Questions Ecological Concepts Case Study: Fishes of Fossil Lake. Freshwater Ecosystems Zoogeography of Fishes Patterns and Species Diversity Factors Affecting Distribution Adaptation Continental Movement Fishes of Zoogeographic Regions Vicariance Biogeography Pleistocene Glaciation The Future Ecological Concepts Lotic Systems: Flowing Water and the Terrestrial Environment A Drop of Rain Flowing Water Characteristics of Streams Ecological Concepts Coldwater Streams Structure and Function Coldwater Fishes Constraints on Trout Case Study: Greenback Cutthroat Trout Fishes of Warmwater Streams and Rivers A warmwater Fish Viewpoint The Stream Connected Stream Fishes Large River Fish Faunas Case Study: The North American Paddlefish Lentic Systems: Standing Water The Drop is Stored (temporarily) Standing Water Ecosystems Characteristics of Lakes Structure Function Fish in Lakes Ecological Concepts Case Study: Lake Baikal Fishes of Temperate and Tropical Great Lakes General Fishes of temperate Lakes Fishes of tropical lakes Case Study: Cichlids of East African Great Lakes Artificial Lakes and Groundwater Reservoirs Artificial Lakes: Reservoirs Structure and Function Ecological Concepts. Cumulative Effects Fish and Reservoirs Groundwater Case Study: Death Valley and Devils Hole Estuarine and Marine Ecosystems Estuaries and Coastal Zone Coastal Zone What are Estuaries? Drowned River Estuaries Estuarine Fishes Ecological Concepts Estuaries as Nutrient Traps Case Study: Alewives as Migrating Subsystems Marine Environments, Intertidal Fishes, and Sharks Oceanography and Marine Ecology Intertidal Zone: Structure and Function. Marine Fishes Ecological Concepts Case Study: The Ultimate Marine Predator. Neritic Province and Fisheries Inshore Ocean in Perspective Pelagic Systems Benthic Systems Neritic Fishes and the Temperate Zone Marine Commercial Fisheries Case Study: Cod and Northwest Atlantic Groundfishery Oceanic Province and Epipelagic Fishes Province Epipelagic Zone Upwellings Case Study: Peruvian Anchoveta Deep Sea: Twilight to the Abyss Features of the Deep Sea and Its Fishes Mesopelagic Zone Abyss Deep Benthic and Benthopelagic Seamounts Fish Adaptations in the Deep Sea Deepwater Fisheries Case Study: Deep-Sea Anglerfish Ecological Concepts Fish Adaptation Fitness, Morphology, and Ecophysiology Adaptation and Fitness Fish Morphology and Ecophysiology Physicochemical Adaptation with Organs Energy, Metabolism, and Growth Energy Budgets Fish Energetics Metabolism Growth and Aging Metabolic Stress Stress in Fishes Case Study: Measuring Growth and Age in Hard Tissues Adaptation, Niche, and Species Interactions Adaptation The Niche Niche Overlap and Response Species Interactions Populations, Growth, and Regulation Fish Populations in General Present Status of Fish Populations Population Characteristics Population Growth Population Regulation Equilibrium/Nonequilibrium Carrying Capacity Problem Commercial Exploitation Instinct, Learning, and Social Behavior Why the Interest in Behavior? Instinctive Behavior and Innate Mechanisms Biological Clock (biorhythms) Cognition and Learning Nonreproductive Social Behavior Cooperation Machiavellian Intelligence How to Study Behavior Case Study: Behavioral Interactions. Trophic Concept and Feeding Trophic Concept Trophic Cascade Feeding adaptations Food and Selectivity Foraging Behavior and Theory Case Study: Prey response--A Matter of Humps? Reproductive Ecology and Life History Patterns Reproductive Process Life History Patterns Reproductive Effort and Energy Allocation Two Life History Strategies Reproductive Tradeoffs: R and K Selection and a 3-D Continuum Case Study: Timing of Spawning Migration Fish Move, Disperse, and Migrate Finding the Way Back--Homing Spawning Migrations Examples and Descriptions Oceanadromous Migrations of Atlantic Herring Case Study: Migration of Colorado Pikeminnow Larval Fish Introduction and Importance Reproduction and early Life Description and Taxonomy Larval Ontogeny Larval Fish Ecology The Niche Revisited. Fisheries Ecology and Recruitment Concepts Case Study--Larval fish movement Applied Ecology: The Human Factor Exploitation and Fisheries Management Introduction Historic Perspective Management Practices Fisheries: Practices and Problems. Concepts of Sustainability Ecosystem Approach Case Study: Fish Salvage at Tracy. Future of the Facility Conservation of Fishes I: Crisis and a Response Introduction Biodiversity Biodiversity Crisis. Why are Species Presently Going Extinct? How many Fish Do We Need? Species Problem A Response: The New Conservation Endangered Fish Recovery? Case Study: Can Science Save the Salmon? Conservation of Fishes II: Understanding the Decline Five Causes Physical Habitat Alteration Introduced Species Overfishing Hybridization Water Pollution Are All suspects Guilty? Case Study: Chesapeake Bay--An Ecological Disaster. Changes and the Future Introduction Interesting Times Global Climate GCC: Effects on Fish and Habitat. Fish and Fisheries in the Future Welcome to the Twenty-First Century. Literature Cited Glossary Appendix -- A Guide to Major Fish Groups Index

Author Biography: Harold M. Tyus is Emeritus Research Scientist at the Center for Limnology, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, where he taught Ecology of Fishes in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. He also is an Adjunct Professor of Environmental Policy and Management at the University of Denver, where he teaches and serves as a faculty advisor. Dr. Tyus received his academic training in the Department of Zoology at North Carolina State University, with the aid of a National Science Foundation fellowship and a scholarship from the National Wildlife Federation. He also was affiliated with the North Carolina Cooperative Fishery Unit, earning an MS studying sunfish phylogenetics and a Ph.D. studying population dynamics and migrations of river herring. His minor concentration was in water resources management. Dr. Tyus is a retired researcher and manager for the U.S. Government, serving 23 years with the Army Corps of Engineers and Fish and Wildlife Service. During that time he was involved with environmental impact assessment and studied a wide variety of aquatic habitats, fishes, and human-induced changes in waters of the United States, from east coast oceans, estuaries and wetlands to southwestern desert rivers. He has written and edited numerous scientific papers on fishes and government documents on fish ecology and conservation, including listing and recovery plans for Endangered Species. He was a member of the Colorado River Fishes Recovery Team for 12 years, and he has been a consultant and science advisor for industry and government. His professional affiliations include the Desert Fishes Council, the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, and the Society for Conservation Biology. He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists and a life member of the American Fisheries Society, which has certified him as a Fishery Scientist and Fisheries Professional.